Verified boot requires cryptographically verifying all executable code and datathat is part of the Android version being booted before it is used. This includesthe kernel (loaded from the boot partition), the device tree (loadedfrom the dtbo partition), system partition,vendor partition, and so on.

Small partitions, such as boot and dtbo, that are readonly once are typically verified by loading the entire contents into memory andthen calculating its hash. This calculated hash value is then compared to theexpected hash value. If the value doesn't match, Android won't load.For more details, see Boot Flow.

Larger partitions that won't fit into memory (such as, file systems) may usea hash tree where verification is a continuous process happening as data isloaded into memory. In this case, the root hash of the hash tree is calculatedduring run time and is checked against the expected root hash value.Android includes the dm-veritydriver to verify larger partitions. If at some point the calculated roothash doesn't match the expected root hash value, the data is not usedand Android enters an error state. For more details, seedm-veritycorruption.

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The expected hashes are typically stored at either the end or beginningof each verified partition, in a dedicated partition, or both. Crucially, thesehashes are signed (either directly or indirectly) by the root of trust. As anexample, the AVB implementation supports both approaches, seeAndroid Verified Boot for details.

Rollback protection

Even with a completely secure update process, it's possible for a non-persistentAndroid kernel exploit to manually install an older, more vulnerable version ofAndroid, reboot into the vulnerable version, and then use that Android version toinstall a persistent exploit. From there the attacker permanently owns the deviceand can do anything, including disabling updates.

The protection against this class of attacks is called RollbackProtection. Rollback protection is typically implemented by usingtamper-evident storage to record the most recent version of the Android andrefusing to boot Android if it's lower than the recorded version. Versionsare typically tracked on a per-partition basis.

For more details on how AVB handles rollback protections, see the AVBREADME.

Handling verification errors

Phone Ack Error(bootloader)_pt_2364_ert

Verification can fail either at boot time (such as, if the calculated hash onboot partition doesn't match the expected hash) or at run time(such as, if dm-verity encounters a verification error on thesystem partition). If verification fails at boot time, the devicecannot boot and the end user needs to go through steps to recover the device.

Downloading First Boot.. Phone Ack Error(bootloader)_pt_2364_ert

If verification fails at run-time the flow is a bit more complicated. If thedevice uses dm-verity, it should be configured in restart mode. Inrestart mode, if a verification error is encountered, the device isimmediately restarted with a specific flag set to indicate the reason. The bootloader should notice this flag and switch dm-verity over to use I/O Error(eio) mode and stay in this mode until a new update has beeninstalled.

When booting in eio mode, the device shows an error screeninforming the user that corruption has been detected and the device may notfunction correctly. The screen shows until the user dismisses it. Ineio mode the dm-verity driver will not restart the device if averification error is encountered, instead an EIO error is returned and theapplication needs to deal with the error.

The intent is that either the system updater will run (so a new OS withoutcorruption errors can be installed) or the user can get as much of their dataoff the device as possible. Once the new OS has been installed, the boot loadernotices the newly installed OS and switches back to restart mode.